к/р ВАРИАНТЫ 2 и 4

ВАРИАНТ 2
I.    Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо¬временную форму и залог глагола сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.    When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific centre.
2.    Buses were introduced first in Paris in 1820.
3.    Mathematics is loved by many, disliked by a few, admired and respected by all.
4.    Rome was not built in a day.

II.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов ‘it, that, one’.
1.    It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
2.    It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.
3.    This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

III.    Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов ‘to be, to have, to do’.
1.    Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly fr om the Sun.
2.    At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.
3.    We do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
4.    Specialists are to study the problem of protecting the environment.

IV.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.    Every task a computer does must be programmed.
2.    Some new facts he mentioned were interesting and important.

V.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.    The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.
2.    Russia was the first country to send man into space.
3.    To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.
4.    People all over the world are uniting to fight against the threat of terrorism.

VI.    Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
1.    magneto-heat engine — магнитно-тепловой двигатель
2.    inexhaustible — неисчерпаемый, неистощимый
SUN-DRIVEN ENGINE
1.    It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine1 works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.
2.    We know solar power is inexhaustible and its use does not harm the environment. That's why such importance is attached to the devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.
3.    The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties already at 100°C. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating, too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, it can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.
4.    By using thermo-magnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.

VII.    Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
Why are thermomagnetic alloys used in the production of automatic devices?
4.    ... they resist to acids.
5.    ... they resist to heat.
6.    ... they resist to pressure.

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ВАРИАНТ 4
I.    Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо¬временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.    The modem automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.
2.    Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.
3.    The construction of the house will be completed in a month.
4.    The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

II.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.    The successes in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.
2.    One must apply the material that can be machined easily.
3.    It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

III.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1.    The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.
2.    The engineers of different specialities are often to study difficult problems together.
3.    Mice do not catch cats, cats catch mice.
4.    People have made numerous attempts to construct perpetum mobile.

IV.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.    I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.
2.    The characteristics we are interested in are shape and size.

V.    Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.
1.    То design new buildings is the work of an architect.
2.    To measure volume we must know the body dimensions.
3.    The Romans were the first to build paved roads.

VI.    Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.

VII.    Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
1.    exhaust - истощаться
2.    ocean tide - океанский прилив
3.    current - поток, течение
4.    promising - перспективный, обещающий
5.    windmill - ветряная мельница

NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
1.    Now we are using traditional power sources such as oil, natural gas and coal, wind and water power. The consumption is more than 50 billion barrels per year. Scientists understand that if mankind consumes natural resources with the same rate, these resources will exhaust1 in a few hundred years. The amount of natural resources on Earth is not unlimited. That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, ocean tides , currents , geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
2.    One of the most promising4 researches is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy |into electricity on the basis of photo effect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.
3.    However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the lim ited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones - thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle.
4.    In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating on hot water- steam from the depths of about a kilometer. In some projects water will be heated by the warmth of volcanoes at a depth of four - five km Several big companies show great interest towards windmill5. The installation of the smallest one, ranging from 100 to 2,000 kilowatts would provide sufficient electricity to power several homes; the largest could provide electricity to a small village. It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.

VIII.    Прочитайте вопрос к тексту. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос: Why do some big companies show great interest towards windmills?
1.    Windmills do not have negative effects on the environment.
2.    Windmills improve the efficiency of solar power stations.
3.    Windmills would provide sufficient electricity to power homes and villages.