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Перевод 3-х текстов (WHAT IS COMPUTER?, INTERNET,  DIGITAL COMPUTERS)


ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ УСТНОГО ПЕРЕВОДА
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements: hardware, software, people, procedures, data/information.
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
The basic job of computer is processing information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programme and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information. (1500 п.зн.)  

INTERNET
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Due to this technology, if some computers on network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network that was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World Wide Web, telnet, Gopher and etc. Having expanded considerably during the 1990s, the World Wide Web enables users easily to examine the Internet sites and now is becoming the leading information service of the Internet. (1550 п. зн.)

DIGITAL COMPUTERS
There are two fundamentally different types of computers; analogue and digital. The former type solves problems by using continuously changing data such as voltage. In current usage, the term ‘computer’ usually refers to high-speed digital computers. These computers are playing an increasing role on all branches of the economy.
Digital computers are based on manipulating discrete binary digits (1s and 0s). They are generally more effective than analogue computers for four principal reasons: they are faster; they are not so susceptible to signal interference; they can transfer huge data bases more accurately; and their coded binary data are easier to store and retrieve than the analogue signals.
For all their apparent complexity, digital computers are considered to be simple machines. Digital computers are able to recognize only two states in each of its millions of switches:  ‘on’ or ‘off ’, or high voltage or low voltage. By assigning binary numbers to these state, 1 for ‘o’ and 0 for ‘off’,  and linking many switches together, a computer can represent any type of data from numbers to letters and musical notes. It is this process of recognizing signals that is known as digitization. The real power of a computer depends on the speed with which it checks switches per second. The more switches a computer checks in each cycle, the more data recognize at one time and the faster it can overate, each switch being called a digit or bit. (1500 п. зн.)