Англ, вар 2 (Kinds of Surveys)
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Англ, вар 2 (Kinds of Surveys)
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Прочитайте текст и попытайтесь понять его содержание.
Kinds of Surveys
In Russia there are the following types of surveys: remote sensing, aerial and terrestrial surveys.
Terrestrial surveys are subdivided into horizontal and vertical ones when both contours and relief are represented. Terrestrial surveys are also distinguished according to the instruments used. They are transit surveys, tacheometric surveys and plane table surveys.
Remote sensing and aerial surveys are used at present as the main methods for small and large scale mapping respectively. The photos that are obtained as a result of photographing the ground from outer space and air are called satellite and aerial photographs. These photographs can be used to compile a controlled mosaic or a photographic map of the ground. The first one provides a photographic picture of the terrain, while the second one represents the country by means of symbols. Satellite and aerial photography is carried out with a special camera mounted on a satellite or a plane.
Transit survey. Plane survey with a theodolite is called transit-tape survey is a planemetric one; this kind of surveying can produce a plan containing only the configuration rather than conformation relief features. In order to obtain the representation of ground shape it is necessary in addition to the transit-tape survey to perform leveling of the same parcel which was surveyed.
Transit-tape survey is used mostly on even ground with excessive details.
Tacheometric survey. Literally the word "tacheometry" means quick measuring. Tacheometric surveying includes simultaneous horizontal and vertical surveys. A detailed horizontal survey is generally performed by the radiation method. Should we use a measuring tape for measuring distances, then this method would not justify its name since the work would proceed slowly. It is therefore the common practice to use a range finder in tacheometric surveying, which permits to define the distances without direct measurements.
A detailed vertical survey, i.e. relief surveying, is performed in tacheometry by the method of trigonometrical leveling (by means of an inclined ray). It is advisable to employ tacheometric surveying on an area with a well-defined relief.
Plane table survey. Plane tabling is a survey that is performed by means of a plane table and a telescopic alidade. The plane table together with a telescopic alidade comprise an original transit which enables not only to survey, but also to plot a plan in pencil directly in the field. This is a major advantage of plane table surveying. The area being surveyed is under constant observation of the person who is drawing the plan; this permits to compare the image plotted on the plan with the actual one.
Примечания к тексту: remote sensing – дистанционное зондирование; terrestrial survey – наземная съёмка; plane table - мензула; a controlled mosaic – геодезически привязанный фотоплан; transit-tape survey – теодолитная съёмка; planemetric – контурный; conformation – рельеф местности; leveling – нивелирование; with excessive details – в условиях сложной ситуации; a range finder – дальномер; i.e. – то есть; a telescopic alidade – кипрегель.
II. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What types of surveys are there in Russia?
2. According to what are terrestrial surveys subdivided?
3. Is remote sensing widely used now?
4. What is called a transit-tape survey?
5. What does the word «tacheometry» mean?
III. Поставьте специальные вопросы к подчёркнутым словам:
1. Literally the word «tacheometry» means quick measuring.
2. These photographs can be used to compile a controlled mosaic.
3. Transit-tape survey is used mostly on even ground with excessive details.
4. A detailed horizontal survey is generally performed by the radiation method.
5. It is advisable to employ tacheometric surveying on an area with a well-defined relief.
IV. Вставьте слова из текста, подходящие по смыслу.
1. The photographs taken from outer space are called ... photographs.
2. Controlled mosaic provides a photographic picture of ... .
3. The transit-tape survey does not produce a plan, containing ... features.
4. Radiation method is the one which helps to perform ... survey.
5. The possibilities not only to survey, but also to plot a plan in pencil directly in the field is a major ... of plane table surveying.
V. Переведите предложения. Определите, является ли слово с суффиксом «ing» причастием или герундием.
1. Measuring long distances we must use special instruments.
2. Surveyor’s training requires some special devices.
3. He was against measuring this distance now.
4. Remote sensing is being extensively used.
5. Although receiving the information is rather easy, processing the data represents a difficulty.
VI. Выпишите из текста производные слова от следующих корневых. Переведите корневые и производные слова.
Respective, to represent, to excess, to measure, to advise, to observe.
VII. Укажите номера предложений, в которых глагол «to have» употребляется как смысловой.
1. We shall have done this work by 5 o'clock. 2. He had to go there. 3. You will have this book. 4. Have you ever been to London? 5. She had done her homework.
VIII. Сделайте письменный перевод текста.