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Онлайн тест по английскому языку (ОГУ)


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1) Di is determined to get public revenge and huge damages over sneakily-taken pictures of her exercising in a gym.

SPY PHOTO CASE
Next February 13 has already been set as the date for the start of her High Court hearing against Mirror Group Newspapers and ex-gym boss Bryce Taylor.
Di has given a witness statement and the case is expected to last a week.
Anthony Julius, head of litigation at her solicitors Mishcon de Reya, said it was possible she would give evidence for up to a day.
Mr. Julius said: "The principle is that people who break confidences shouldn't profit fr om their bad behaviour."
Di has refused pleas to settle privately against New Zealander Mr. Taylor, who took the shots with a hidden camera, and Mirror Group Newspapers which published them.
The Princess wants an order against Mr. Taylor and MGN for profits they made.
Mr. Julius said the profits could top one million pounds - and that the Princess may well decide to give any money she recovered to charity.
Mr. Taylor's solicitor, Razi Mireskandari, said: "If she doesn't appear I would say her case is much weakened."
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2) The place where the murders took place was noisy.

A VIEW OF THE HOUSE
The Fitch house was thirty miles outside of Flagstaff. It was set back into the mountains with a steep, narrow road as the only access to the property. The chief said that all the police cars had been assigned to senior officers, so I would have to take a bus. The bus turned off the main road before we reached the road to the Fitch home, so I had to walk the last two miles. The air was cool in the moun\tains, unlike the still heat of the city. But I was hot fr om the walk, and I stopped at the gate to the private road leading up to the Fitch home. I sat on a rock and surveyed the peaceful surroundings and knew that the Fitch cook must be wrong. This place was too quiet, too peaceful, to be the site of a murder, let alone three murders. On the other hand, the motive was classic: husband marries rich women, kills them and inherits their fortunes. But that would be too obvious. Nothing like that hap\pens now in the twentieth century.
My watch told me it was time to get along. I turned up the drive and slowly climbed what I hoped would be the last mile to the house. I kept telling myself it would be easier returning. As I turned a corner, I saw a figure move quickly through the trees and out of my sight. The forest was dark, so I couldn't really see if the figure was a man or a woman. It seemed to be a large figure, and he or she wore a straw hat that covered the head. Usually I would have called out to the stranger, but there was something about the forest that made me timid. I hurried to the house and kept looking to the right and left for another glimpse of the figure. I came into a clearing and could see the house across a broad expanse of lawn. It was an unusual house for the area. Instead of being one story high and spread out across the lawn, this one was compact and rose like a tower on the hill. From the win\dows you must have a view of the entire valley.
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3) You can "prosecute" someone in the civil court.

STARTING A CLAIM IN THE CIVIL COURT
When you are in dispute with another person sometimes it is necessary to start a claim in the civil court. We sometimes call this process "filing a claim"or "issuing a claim". Lawyers also say, "starting proceedings". We do not use the verb "to prosecute" in civil law because that verb is only used in criminal law. In England most civil claims are filled in the County Court. There are over 200 County Courts in England and Wales. Most cities and large towns have a County Court.
The person who starts the claim is called the claimant in the UK. This person was called the plaintiff until 1999, when there are new court rules in England to make everything easier for people to understand. However, in the USA the claimant is still called the plaintiff. In both England and the USA the other party is called the defendant.
A claim form is the document that a claimant uses to start legal action against the defendant. Why might a claimant start a claim? There are a lot of reasons, for example:
- someone refuses to pay you money that they owe to you
- someone does a job for you, but they do it badly - we call this bad workmanship
- something that you paid for is not supplied to you
- something that you bought is not working properly.
The claimant has to pay a sum of money, called a court fee, for the court to issue proceedings. In the claim form, the claimant must state the amount of his or her claim and request the defendant to pay all of legal costs of the case. Sometimes people talk about "the small claims court". They really mean the special procedure that exists at the County Court for small claims. A small claim is a claim for a maximum amount of 5000.
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4) The jury members must be present in court when the verdict is given.

VERDICT
Verdict, in law, is the pronouncement of the jury upon matters of fact submitted to them for deliberation and determination. In civil cases, verdicts may be either general or special. A general verdict is one in which the jury pronounces generally upon all the issues, in favor of either the plaintiff or the defendant. A special verdict is one in which the jury reviews the facts, but leaves to the court any decisions on questions of law arising from those facts. As a rule, however, special verdicts are not applicable to criminal cases, and in most instances the jury renders a general verdict of "guilty" or "not guilty."
Generally, the jury's verdict must be unanimous. In a number of states, however, the condition of unanimity has been modified, and verdicts can consequently be rendered by a designated majority of the jury. All jury members must be present in court when the verdict is given.
In criminal cases a verdict of acquittal is conclusive upon the prosecution (the state), thus precluding double jeopardy, but the defendant may be tried again in the event the jury cannot reach a decision. The defendant must be present when the verdict is rendered.
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5) Starting a claim means the same as starting proceedings.

STARTING A CLAIM IN THE CIVIL COURT
When you are in dispute with another person sometimes it is necessary to start a claim in the civil court. We sometimes call this process "filing a claim" or "issuing a claim". Lawyers also say, "starting proceedings". We do not use the verb "to prosecute" in civil law because that verb is only used in criminal law. In England most civil claims are filled in the County Court. There are over 200 County Courts in England and Wales. Most cities and large towns have a County Court.
The person who starts the claim is called the claimant in the UK. This person was called the plaintiff until 1999, when there are new court rules in England to make everything easier for people to understand. However, in the USA the claimant is still called the plaintiff. In both England and the USA the other party is called the defendant.
A claim form is the document that a claimant uses to start legal action against the defendant. Why might a claimant start a claim? There are a lot of reasons, for example:
- someone refuses to pay you money that they owe to you
- someone does a job for you, but they do it badly - we call this bad workmanship
- something that you paid for is not supplied to you
- something that you bought is not working properly.
The claimant has to pay a sum of money, called a court fee, for the court to issue proceedings. In the claim form, the claimant must state the amount of his or her claim and request the defendant to pay all of legal costs of the case. Sometimes people talk about "the small claims court". They really mean the special procedure that exists at the County Court for small claims. A small claim is a claim for a maximum amount of 5000.
Ложным
В тексте нет информации
Истинным

6) Diana's lawyer confirmed that Princess could spend a whole day in the witness box in her battle over peeping-tom photos.

SPY PHOTO CASE
Next February 13 has already been set as the date for the start of her High Court hearing against Mirror Group Newspapers and ex-gym boss Bryce Taylor.
Di has given a witness statement and the case is expected to last a week.
Anthony Julius, head of litigation at her solicitors Mishcon de Reya, said it was possible she would give evidence for up to a day.
Mr. Julius said: "The principle is that people who break confidences shouldn't profit from their bad behaviour."
Di has refused pleas to settle privately against New Zealander Mr. Taylor, who took the shots with a hidden camera, and Mirror Group Newspapers which published them.
The Princess wants an order against Mr. Taylor and MGN for profits they made.
Mr. Julius said the profits could top one million pounds - and that the Princess may well decide to give any money she recovered to charity.
Mr. Taylor's solicitor, Razi Mireskandari, said: "If she doesn't appear I would say her case is much weakened."
В тексте нет информации
Ложным
Истинным

7) It is difficult to recover the goods because usually the gangs are well-organized and they manage to slip away until the police get to the scene.

SHOP-LIFTING GANGS
Big London stores do not like discussing changing patterns in shop-lifting, presumably for fear of alarming their customers. One store says it never reveals information about customers or staff. Another says it does not keep records of violent incidents relating to shop-lifting and is unable to comment. However, security officers in some of the stores have revealed that violence has become increasingly common when dealing with shop-lifters.
The security officer of one London branch stores has been assaulted six times by shop-lifters, suffering a broken nose and a dislocated jaw in separate incidents. He says that if you go after the gangs, they go after you. Sometimes, you can recover the goods, but usually the gangs are too well-organized to hang around until the police get to the scene. This kind of incident is definitely on the increase. An efficient deterrent must be found.
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8) In the USA a lawyer is simply known as an attorney at law, or an attorney.

TYPES OF LAWYERS
There are two types of lawyer who practise in England. They are called barristers and solicitors. In the USA and most other countries, lawyers don't make this division - a lawyer is simply known as an attorney at law, or an attorney.
In both England and the USA, it is not possible to take a special exam to be a judge. If you decide that you want to be a judge, you must get a lot of experience as a lawyer first, then apply to be a judge and wait to see if you are chosen.
Most law students in England become solicitors. When they finish their university studies they do a one year legal practice course and then a two-year training contract with a law firm. After that, they are qualified solicitors. Many solicitors work for a legal practice, which is usually a partnership of solicitors who work together. Solicitors practise in many areas of law, although each solicitor usually chooses to specialize in one particular area. They represent their clients both in and out of court. We often describe this as acting for a client. The process of making a claim in the civil court is called litigation.
Barristers are self-employed lawyers and don't work in partnerships in the way that solicitors do. They are specialists in advocacy, which is the skill of speaking for someone in court. We call this pleading a case. They also give opinions on areas of law to solicitors and the solicitors' clients. It is not just barristers who have the right of audience in court - solicitors are also allowed to represent their clients in court and many solicitors appear in court every day. It is not true to say that a client always needs a barrister in court.
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9) In the claim form, the claimant must state the amount of their claim, the name of the judge and request the defendant to pay all of legal costs of the case.

STARTING A CLAIM IN THE CIVIL COURT
When you are in dispute with another person sometimes it is necessary to start a claim in the civil court. We sometimes call this process "filing a claim" or "issuing a claim". Lawyers also say, "starting proceedings". We do not use the verb "to prosecute" in civil law because that verb is only used in criminal law. In England most civil claims are filled in the County Court. There are over 200 County Courts in England and Wales. Most cities and large towns have a County Court.
The person who starts the claim is called the claimant in the UK. This person was called the plaintiff until 1999, when there are new court rules in England to make everything easier for people to understand. However, in the USA the claimant is still called the plaintiff. In both England and the USA the other party is called the defendant.
A claim form is the document that a claimant uses to start legal action against the defendant. Why might a claimant start a claim? There are a lot of reasons, for example:
- someone refuses to pay you money that they owe to you
- someone does a job for you, but they do it badly - we call this bad workmanship
- something that you paid for is not supplied to you
- something that you bought is not working properly.
The claimant has to pay a sum of money, called a court fee, for the court to issue proceedings. In the claim form, the claimant must state the amount of his or her claim and request the defendant to pay all of legal costs of the case. Sometimes people talk about "the small claims court". They really mean the special procedure that exists at the County Court for small claims. A small claim is a claim for a maximum amount of 5000.
В тексте нет информации
Истинным
Ложным

10) Di wants an order only against Mr. Taylor, who took the shots with a hidden camera.

SPY PHOTO CASE
Next February 13 has already been set as the date for the start of her High Court hearing against Mirror Group Newspapers and ex-gym boss Bryce Taylor.
Di has given a witness statement and the case is expected to last a week.
Anthony Julius, head of litigation at her solicitors Mishcon de Reya, said it was possible she would give evidence for up to a day.
Mr. Julius said: "The principle is that people who break confidences shouldn't profit from their bad behaviour."
Di has refused pleas to settle privately against New Zealander Mr. Taylor, who took the shots with a hidden camera, and Mirror Group Newspapers which published them.
The Princess wants an order against Mr. Taylor and MGN for profits they made.
Mr. Julius said the profits could top one million pounds - and that the Princess may well decide to give any money she recovered to charity.
Mr. Taylor's solicitor, Razi Mireskandari, said: "If she doesn't appear I would say her case is much weakened."
Ложным
Истинным
В тексте нет информации

11) Solicitors usually work on their own.

SOLICITORS AND BARRISTERS
There are over 90,000 solicitors and 14,000 barristers - as of 2003. The failure rate in achieving a lasting career is one in three as a barrister. This is probably due to the difficulty in earning a regular wage and the costs of working 'in chambers'.
Not all solicitors practise - about 25% of them work in-house for companies and other profit or non-profit making organizations and the government. The specialist area of law will determine the amount of advocacy that barristers are involved in. Some areas of law will usually involve more advocacy (for example, criminal, family and employment) - commercial usually less so.
Barristers are self-employed and they are responsible for all their own paperwork such as VAT, tax and expenses that is why they work together in chambers to share the costs. Solicitors are usually employed.
Solicitors can usually only advocate in the lower courts, such as Magistrates Courts; they can pursue higher rights of audience should they wish to do so when they have taken the appropriate training and qualifications. Barristers have the right of audience in all courts.
The client's contact with their Barrister is through the Solicitor who will usually choose which Barrister to instruct and act as an intermediary. For solicitors there is a contractual relationship with the Client and they can be sued for professional negligence As a result of a decision of the House of Lords in 2000 it was determined that Solicitors are liable for their advocacy in court as well as their work out of court, this ruling also applies to barristers. Barristers only specialize in a particular area of law; solicitors can also specialize but usually do general work as well.
Barristers cannot turn down work as their Code of Conduct has a 'cab rank' rule - they must accept any case they are offered subject to availability of time, suitability within their own specialty or giving a good reason. The normal way to become a solicitor is obtain a law degree then pass the Legal Practice Course (LPC); this is a further course of study, designed to prepare you for work in a solicitor's office, which takes a year. After this you then spend two years working in a solicitors' office under a training contract.
If you don't have a law degree then you first of all must take a Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) then take the LPC. You must have a law degree to train as a barrister.
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12) The system is subject to frequent false alarms.

INFORMATION ROOM
The 'Information room' is in the headquarters of the police force and is manned day and night by a team of specially trained police officers. The Information Room receives all emergency calls from the public and directs patrol cars to the scenes of crimes, accidents, or other incidents requiring police help. The Information Room also keeps in radio touch with the patrol boats on the Thames and patrol helicopters.
The room consists of a number of telephone booths, which are connected with the emergency-call system of the town or city (the '999' calls) and wh ere calls from the public for police help are received. A large table in the middle of the room is covered with a detailed map of the police district, showing all the streets and the patrol areas of the police cars. The cars themselves are shown by coloured tokens - cubes, pyramids, or circles - which represent the type of duty on which the cars are engaged and which are moved about on the map according to the information which comes in from the observers. The radio operator in touch with the cars is placed so that he can see the table and at the same time get messages from the telephone operators. A senior police officer supervises the whole room.
When a call for help comes in, the telephone operator calls out the name of the street as soon as he gets it and then goes on to take down details of the crime, accident, or whatever it may be. The radio operator or the supervising officer meanwhile notes which car is nearest to the scene and instructs it to start moving in that direction. As soon as the rest of the details are known, they are passed on to the driver and observer, but the chief aim is to get the car moving towards the spot first.
Between three hundred and four hundred calls are dealt with in London every day, on public holidays, or on other occasions when big crowds gather, there have often been more than a thousand calls for help at Scotland Yard (headquarter of the Metropolitan Police) in one day.
The usual time lag between a report to the information room and the arrival of a car on the spot is about four minutes. It has on occasions been even less. In one recent case in London, a report was received in the information room at Scotland Yard to the effect that two thieves were trying to break into a warehouse. A police car happened to be turning into the road wh ere the warehouse lay as the report was being made. The address was relayed immediately to the car, and the thieves were caught before the individual making the report had finished talking. The whole incident took less than two minutes.
The system suffers from false alarms, but not as much as the other emergency-call systems such as the fire alarms. False police alarms are also easier to trace. An annoying outbreak of false calls in Birmingham was cleared up simply by keeping the caller talking while the call was traced. A police car was on the spot in less than a minute and the offenders, four schoolgirls, were caught red-handed. (They later admitted that they had been making the calls from different parts of the town and had then retired to hiding-places near by in order to enjoy the excitement of watching the cars arrive.)
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13) Sometimes the gangs do not rob the shops because they do not have information about customers and staff.

SHOP-LIFTING GANGS
Big London stores do not like discussing changing patterns in shop-lifting, presumably for fear of alarming their customers. One store says it never reveals information about customers or staff. Another says it does not keep records of violent incidents relating to shop-lifting and is unable to comment. However, security officers in some of the stores have revealed that violence has become increasingly common when dealing with shop-lifters.
The security officer of one London branch stores has been assaulted six times by shop-lifters, suffering a broken nose and a dislocated jaw in separate incidents. He says that if you go after the gangs, they go after you. Sometimes, you can recover the goods, but usually the gangs are too well-organized to hang around until the police get to the scene. This kind of incident is definitely on the increase. An efficient deterrent must be found.
Ложным
В тексте нет информации
Истинным

14) Bonnie gave her mother a beautiful poem that she had written because she knew they were going to die soon.

ROMEO AND JULIET WITH MACHINE GUNS
Four days before Christmas 1929, nineteen-year-old Bonnie Parker was making hot chocolate at a friend's house when a man called Clyde Barrow walked through the door. It was love at first sight. At the time, Bonnie was working as a waitress in a small cafe and Clyde was just entering the world of crime as a petty thief.
Shortly after they met, Clyde was arrested and sent to jail. Although his sentence was short, he asked Bonnie to smuggle a gun into the prison so that he could use it to escape. He was re-arrested two weeks later, and given a much longer sentence. He was released on February 8, 1932, after serving only two years.
Just over a month after his release, he and his gang (which now included Bonnie) robbed a hardware store. In April they robbed another, this time killing a man. Over the next year, this happened on four more occasions with two policemen among the victims. By now Bonnie and Clyde had become famous; people all over the United States were cheering them on in their fight against the law. Many Americans had lost faith in the legal and political system after losing everything they owned in the Great Depression. In the economic climate of the time, Bonnie and Clyde became national heroes.
On April 14, 1933, Bonnie and Clyde were hiding out in Joplin, Missouri, with Clyde's brother, Buck, and his wife, Blanche. Meanwhile, the police had gathered outside and were waiting to arrest them. In the shoot-out which followed, two officers were killed, but the gang members managed to escape unharmed.
Two months later, on the run, an exhausted Clyde failed to see a road sign and crashed their car, seriously burning Bonnie's leg. A little while later, the gang booked into some tourist cabins for an overnight stay, but, once more, the police surrounded them. This time they were not so lucky. Bonnie and Clyde escaped but Clyde's brother, Buck, was killed and his wife, Blanche, was arrested and later imprisoned.
Both Bonnie and Clyde were very close to their families. On May 6, 1934, they arranged a family meeting outside their hometown of Dallas, Texas. Both of them knew they were going to die soon and Bonnie gave her mother a beautiful poem that she had written.
Eighteen days later, on May 24, 1934, driving along a small country road in Louisiana, Bonnie and Clyde slowed down when they saw a friend's truck at the side of the road. They didn't realize that there were a group of police officers hiding behind the trees, waiting for them. The police chief gave the signal and the officers started shooting, quickly killing the young lovers.
В тексте нет информации
Истинным
Ложным

15) Bonnie and Clyde had become famous in the period of the Great Depression.

ROMEO AND JULIET WITH MACHINE GUNS
Four days before Christmas 1929, nineteen-year-old Bonnie Parker was making hot chocolate at a friend's house when a man called Clyde Barrow walked through the door. It was love at first sight. At the time, Bonnie was working as a waitress in a small cafe and Clyde was just entering the world of crime as a petty thief.
Shortly after they met, Clyde was arrested and sent to jail. Although his sentence was short, he asked Bonnie to smuggle a gun into the prison so that he could use it to escape. He was re-arrested two weeks later, and given a much longer sentence. He was released on February 8, 1932, after serving only two years.
Just over a month after his release, he and his gang (which now included Bonnie) robbed a hardware store. In April they robbed another, this time killing a man. Over the next year, this happened on four more occasions with two policemen among the victims. By now Bonnie and Clyde had become famous; people all over the United States were cheering them on in their fight against the law. Many Americans had lost faith in the legal and political system after losing everything they owned in the Great Depression. In the economic climate of the time, Bonnie and Clyde became national heroes.
On April 14, 1933, Bonnie and Clyde were hiding out in Joplin, Missouri, with Clyde's brother, Buck, and his wife, Blanche. Meanwhile, the police had gathered outside and were waiting to arrest them. In the shoot-out which followed, two officers were killed, but the gang members managed to escape unharmed.
Two months later, on the run, an exhausted Clyde failed to see a road sign and crashed their car, seriously burning Bonnie's leg. A little while later, the gang booked into some tourist cabins for an overnight stay, but, once more, the police surrounded them. This time they were not so lucky. Bonnie and Clyde escaped but Clyde's brother, Buck, was killed and his wife, Blanche, was arrested and later imprisoned.
Both Bonnie and Clyde were very close to their families. On May 6, 1934, they arranged a family meeting outside their hometown of Dallas, Texas. Both of them knew they were going to die soon and Bonnie gave her mother a beautiful poem that she had written.
Eighteen days later, on May 24, 1934, driving along a small country road in Louisiana, Bonnie and Clyde slowed down when they saw a friend's truck at the side of the road. They didn't realize that there were a group of police officers hiding behind the trees, waiting for them. The police chief gave the signal and the officers started shooting, quickly killing the young lovers.
Истинным
Ложным
В тексте нет информации