Test 1 по англ, вар 3 (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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Test 1 по англ, вар 3 (GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS, FIELDS OF GEOLOGY)

TEST 1
Variant 3
READING
I. Read the text and match the headings (1-4) with the paragraphs (A-D).
1. Aim of geological maps ____
2. Popularity of computer-based models ____
3. Peculiarities of subsurface maps ____
4. What is a geological survey? ____

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
A A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques fr om the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand augering and machine-driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery. Such surveys may be undertaken by state, province, or national geological survey organizations to maintain the geological inventory and advance the knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation.
B A geological survey map typically superimposes the surveyed extent and boundaries of geological units on a topographic map, together with information at points (such as measurements of orientation of bedding planes) and lines (such as the intersection of faults with the land surface). The maps and reports created by geological survey organizations generally aim for geographic continuity and completeness in establishing the spatial patterns of near-surface rock units. The map may include cross sections to illustrate the three-dimensional interpretation.
C Subsurface geological and geophysical maps, providing limited coverage of deeper geology (known, for example, fr om drilling for oil or gas), are maintained internally by major oil companies and regulators. Some geological survey organisations have collaborated with them to include subsurface geology in their systematic surveys, for example, the Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Subsurface maps typically depict the three-dimensional form of geological surfaces by means of contours and cross sections.
D Computer-based models are increasingly used to provide more comprehensive information storage and greater flexibility of presentation. In the United States, the 50 state surveys are coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists.
Abridged from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_survey

II. Read about the fields of geology. Write whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
Statement
True
False
Statement    True    False
1. There are three main fields of geology: physical, historical and structural one.        
2. Physical geology cannot be subdivided into a number of further disciplines such as petrology or mineralogy.        
3. Rocks are made of minerals.        
4. Mineralogy is important for such a materials engineering branch as ceramics.        
5. Petrology focuses on three rock types – sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic ones.        
6. Neotectonics is useless for land-use planning and hazard analysis.        

FIELDS OF GEOLOGY
Geologists have found it useful to divide geology into two main fields: physical geology, which examines the nature of the Earth in its present state; and historical geology, which examines the changes the Earth has undergone throughout time.
Physical geology can be subdivided into a number of disciplines according to the way geologists study the Earth and which physical aspects they study.
The fields of mineralogy (the study of minerals) and petrology (the study of rocks) are closely related, because rocks are made of minerals. Mineralogists and petrologists study the origin, occurrence, structure and history of rocks and minerals. They attempt to understand the physical, chemical and less commonly, biological conditions under which geologic materials form. Mineralogy is important for understanding natural materials and is also used in the materials engineering field, such as in ceramics. Petrology focuses on two of the three rock types: igneous rocks – rocks made from molten material, and metamorphic rocks – those rocks that have been changed by high temperatures or pressures. The third rock types, sedimentary rocks, are the focus of sedimentary geology, commonly classified under historical geology.
Structural geology deals with the form, arrangement and internal structure of rocks, including their history of deformation, such as folding and faulting. Structural geology includes everything from filed mapping to the study of microscopic deformation within rocks. Most geologic reconstructions require an understanding of structural geology. The term tectonics is commonly used for large-scale structural geology, such as the study of the history of a mountain belt, or plate tectonics (the study of the crustal plate). Neotectonics is the study of recent faulting and deformation; such studies can reconstruct the history of active faults, and the history can be used in hazard analysis and land-use planning.
Abridged from: https://www.britannica.com/science/geology/Study-of-the-structure-of-the-Earth

III. Read the text QUARTZ and answer the questions.
1. What is quartz?
2. Wh ere does it mostly occur?
3. What is chalcedony?
4. What are the other wide-spread varieties of qurtz?
5. What intensifies the colour of quartz varieties?
6. What is the colour of a layer that hematite forms internally in a quartz crystal?
7. What are the inner and outer layers of geodes?
QUARTZ
Quartz is one of the most well-known minerals on earth. It occurs in basically all mineral environments, and is the important constituent of many rocks. Quartz is also the most varied of all minerals, occurring in all different forms, habits, and colors. There are more variety names given to quartz than any other mineral. Although the feldspars as a group are more prevalent than quartz, as an individual mineral quartz is the most common mineral.
Most mineral reference guides list chalcedony as an individual mineral, but in reality it is a variety of quartz. It is the microcrystalline form of quartz, forming only occurs in microscopic, compacted crystals. Amethyst, citrine, and agate can be enumerated among the other important varieties of quartz.
Some forms of quartz, especially, the gemstone forms, have their color enhanced. Almost all forms of the yellow-brown variety citrine are in fact heat treated. Much amethyst is also heat treated to intensify color, and a green transparent form known as "Green Amethyst" or "Prasiolite" is formed by heat treating certain types of amethyst. There is also a transparent sky blue form of quartz crystals as well as a wildly iridescent type that are synthetically colored by irradiation of gold. In some localities, hematite forms a thin red or brown layer internally in the quartz crystal, giving it a natural bright red to brown coloring, and sometimes even a mild natural iridescence.
Quartz frequently forms the inner lining of geodes. Most geodes have an inner layer of larger crystalline quartz and an outer layer of chalcedony or banded agate.
Abridged from: https://www.minerals.net/mineral/quartz.aspx

VOCABULARY AND TERMINOLOGY
IV. Read the text QUARTZ in detail and match the words and word-groups (1-10) with their translations (A-J).
1. mineral environment    a. усиливать
2. feldspars    b. радужный
3. gemstone    c. облучение
4. heat treating    d. жеода, миндалевидная пустова
5. transparent    e. драгоценный (цветной) камень
6. iridescent    f. минеральная среда
7. irradiation    g. полосчатый агат
8. geode    h. тепловая/термическая обработка
9. banded agate    i. прозрачный, просвечивающий
10. to intensify    j. полевой шпат

V. Read the text FIELDS OF GEOLOGY in detail and choose the correct variant A, B, C or D.
1. What are two main fields of geology?
A. physical and structural
B. physical and historical
C. mineralogy and petrology
D. mineralogy and paleontology

2. The fields of mineralogy and petrology are
A. related, but not closely
B. not related at all
C. absolutely different
D. closely related

3. Petrology focuses on two types of rocks:
A. sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
B. igneous and sedimentary rocks
C. igneous and metamorphic rocks
D. metamorphic and hydrothermal rocks

4. The main aim of mineralogists and petrologists is to understand
A. biological conditions under which geologic materials formed
B. history of geologic formation
C. physical and chemical conditions under which materials formed
D. how to use geologic materials

5. Neotectonics helps
A. to reconstruct the history of active faults
B. to conduct measurements
C. to extract deposits
D. to conduct exploration on site

VI. For questions 1–5, choose one of the words (a-f) that best completes a gap in the text. You can use each word only once. There is one extra word.
a. scale
b. to obtain
c. cleavage
d. specimens
e. hardness
f. property
WHAT IS MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE?
One of the most important tests for identifying mineral 1) ____ is the Mohs Hardness Test. This test compares the resistance of a mineral to being scratched by ten reference minerals known as the Mohs Hardness 2) ____ . The test is useful because most specimens of a given mineral are very close to the same 3) ____ . This makes hardness a reliable diagnostic 4) ____ for most minerals.
Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed the scale in 1812. He selected ten minerals of distinctly different hardness that ranged from a very soft mineral (talc) to a very hard mineral (diamond). With the exception of diamond, the minerals are all relatively common and easy or inexpensive 5) ____ .

VII. Fill in the gaps with the given derivatives.
explore exploration exploring explored exploratory
1. This is based on experience and on our practices in ______ that part of the continental shelf.
2. Our team has made a decision about wh ere ______ for oil.
3. WYO has been undertaking ______ and analytical work since then. 4. Hydrocarbon _______ is the search for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth‘s surface.
5. Additional options should be ________ .

VIII. Complete the summary of the text QUARTZ. Use only one word in each sentence.
1. Quartz is one of the most well-known ______ on earth.
2. It is an important _____ of many rocks.
3. Also it is the most varied of all minerals, occurring in different forms, habits and _____.
4. Amethyst, citrine and agate can be ______ among the other important varieties of quartz.
5. Some forms of quartz, especially, ______ forms have their colour enhanced.
6. A green transparent form known as Prasiolite is formed by _________ treating certain types of amethyst.
7. Quartz frequently forms the inner _____ of geodes.

GRAMMAR
IX. Rewrite the following sentences in Passive.
1. By six o‘clock they had finished the work.
2. At twelve o‘clock the workers were loading the trucks.
3. We send our workes to rest in the south every year.
4. They are building a new building in our street.
5. We shall bring the documents tomorrow.
6. They are repairing the clock now.
7. I have translated the whole text.
8. They broke the window last week.
9. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets.
10. We shall do the work in the evening.

X. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the required passive form. Mind the tense and preposition.
1. The application of these mining methods often (to refer to).
2. The process of extracting lead from this ore (to objectd to) at the recent conference.
3. The statistical theory (develop) quite recently.
4. Objects with negative stability usually (to call) unstable.
5. These classifications already (to use).
6. Cooling often (to provide) by the circulation of water.
7. Some pressing problems (to discuss) at the symposium next week.
8. The new discovery (speak about) now.
9. The scientists understood that a more careful approach (to need) to realize their idea in future.
10. The explorers (to see) not far from the camp of the expedition yesterday.

TRANSLATION
XI. Find 10 sentences with the Passive Voice in the texts of Variant 3. Write them down and translate into Russian.

WRITING
XII. Write an abstract (100-120 words) to the following article. (For more details you may see Writing Reference p. 192)
WHAT ARE REEs?
REEs or Rare earth elements are a group of seventeen chemical elements that occur together in the periodic table. The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry includes scandium in their rare earth element definition.
The rare earth elements are all metals, and the group is often referred to as the "rare earth metals." These metals have many similar properties, and that often causes them to be found together in geologic deposits. They are also referred to as "rare earth oxides" because many of them are typically sold as oxide compounds.
Rare earth metals and alloys that contain them are used in many devices that people use every day such as computer memory, DVDs, rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets, fluorescent lighting and much more.
During the past twenty years, there has been an explosion in demand for many items that require rare earth metals. Twenty years ago there were very few cell phones in use, but the number has risen to over 7 billion in use today. The use of rare earth elements in computers has grown almost as fast as cell phones.
Many rechargeable batteries are made with rare earth compounds. Demand for the batteries is being driven by demand for portable electronic devices such as cell phones, readers, portable computers, and cameras.
Rare earths are used as catalysts, phosphors, and polishing compounds. These are used for air pollution control, illuminated screens on electronic devices, and the polishing of optical-quality glass. All of these products are expected to experience rising demand.
Abridged from: https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements