Test 1 по англ, вар 5 (WHAT IS IN THE CE
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Test 1 по англ, вар 5 (WHAT IS IN THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH?)
TEST 1
Variant 5
READING
I. Read the text and match the headings (1-4) with the paragraphs (A-D).
1. Core composition ____
2. A hard-boiled egg ____
3. Core structure ____
4. Secret of the Earth centre ____
WHAT IS IN THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH?
A The first thing to remember is that NOBODY has ever been there, so what you are about to hear is barely past the Wild and Crazy Idea stage. What we think we know comes fr om a study of how earthquake (seismic) waves travel through the earth, and how long it takes for them to get fr om where the earthquake happens to a recording station. The basic idea is that different materials transmit seismic waves at different speeds. With a lot of earthquakes and a lot of recording stations, geophysicists are beginning to get a pretty detailed picture of what is probably down there.
B One of the most distinctive features of the Earth's interior is how it seems to be layered by density, with the heaviest stuff in the center, and the lightest material at the surface. In fact, the Earth probably looks a lot like a hard-boiled egg if you could cut it open. The yellow stuff in the center (the yolk) relates to what we call the core.
C Most geophysicists think that the core is composed of high-density materials like iron and nickel. The egg's shell is like the Earth's crust – a thin veneer of rigid, low-density material at the surface. And all the white stuff in between is like the Earth's mantle – the largest layer that, in the case of the Earth, is of medium density, and, in the case of an egg, tastes best with a bit of salt and pepper.
D The core seems to be in two parts – a "solid" inner core with a "liquid" outer layer – and is the final resting place for as much of the high-density material as can get there. The crust is REAL thin relative to the size of the Earth – much, much thinner than an eggshell, and is of much lower density than the core. It is probable that the mantle represents the vast majority of the Earth's mass, which is still trying to figure out if it is heavy enough to be accepted at the core, or is lower in density and therefore has to float about on the surface with the rest of the scum.
Abridged from: Paul Nixon & Alfredo Bezzi. English for Geologists,1998.
II. Read about igneous rocks. Write whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
Statement True False
1. The best known type of igneous rocks is lava.
2. When magma reaches the surface of the Earth, it cools much more slowly.
3. Igneous rocks show that the Earth is still changing and constantly rebuilding its mountains and hillsides.
4. Little magma cools below the Earth‘s surface.
5. Igneous rocks are formed from melted materials.
6. Igneous rocks have nothing common with active volcanoes.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are those which are formed from melted or molten materials. Igneous rocks were once magma - a thick, hot liquid deep inside the earth. The crust contains two distinct types of rocks. The continents are supported by the crystalline sial (abbreviation for silicon and aluminum). Sial rocks are light in color and light in weight. They are the rocks that form our great mountain ranges. Lying underneath the sial is the sima (abbreviation for silica and magnesium). Volcanic lavas are of silica-magnesium type. They are dark rocks and are generally heavier than those of the sial.
Earth movements create zones of weakness. This permits some of the magma to find its way up into the crust. Sometimes magma moves to the surface, spewing out of volcanoes or spreading over the countryside in huge lava flows. Lava is only one type of igneous rock, but it's probably the best known. Most magma cools below the surface of the earth. Under these conditions it cools very slowly.
Inside the crust, magma may flow into branching cracks forming veins. It may cut across layers of rock forming great sheets-like dikes. When magma flows between layers it forces the rock apart. Such intrusion is known as a sill. When magma reaches the earth's surface it cools much more rapidly. The rock it forms is then called an extrusive rock because it is pushed out into the surface.
Igneous rocks were the first kind of rocks to form. Some are known to be over two billion years old. At the same time, some other igneous rocks are the youngest rocks, for there are active volcanoes still spewing lava from their craters this very day. Igneous rocks offer proof that the earth is still growing, changing and constantly rebuilding its mountains and hillsides.
Abridged from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/magma/
III. Read the text WHAT IS A FLUORESCENT MINERAL and answer the questions.
1. What is «fluorescence»?
2. What causes a temporary colour change of the mineral?
3. What types of light trigger fluorescence?
4. How many minerals have a noticeable fluorescence?
5. Do impurities help to activate fluorescence or not? How are they called?
6. How many colours can minerals fluoresce?
7. How do shortwave and longwave UV light influences minerals?
WHAT IS A FLUORESCENT MINERAL?
All minerals have the ability to reflect light. That is what makes them visible to the human eye. Some minerals have an interesting physical property known as "fluorescence." These minerals have the ability to temporarily absorb a small amount of light and an instant later release a small amount of light of a different wavelength. This change in wavelength causes a temporary color change of the mineral in the eye of a human observer.
Fluorescence in minerals occurs when a specimen is illuminated with specific wavelengths of light. Ultraviolet (UV) light, x-rays, and cathode rays are the typical types of light that trigger fluorescence. These types of light have the ability to excite susceptible electrons within the atomic structure of the mineral. These excited electrons temporarily jump up to a higher orbital within the mineral's atomic structure. When those electrons fall back down to their original orbital, a small amount of energy is released in the form of light. This release of light is known as fluorescence.
The wavelength of light released from a fluorescent mineral is often distinctly different from the wavelength of the incident light. This produces a visible change in the colour of the mineral. This "glow" continues as long as the mineral is illuminated with light of the proper wavelength.
Most minerals do not have a noticeable fluorescence. Only about 15% of minerals have a fluorescence that is visible to people, and some specimens of those minerals will not fluoresce. Fluorescence usually occurs when specific impurities known as "activators" are present within the mineral. These activators are typically cations of metals such as: tungsten, molybdenum, lead, boron, titanium, manganese, uranium, and chromium.
Most minerals fluoresce a single colour. Other minerals have multiple colours of fluorescence. Calcite has been known to fluoresce red, blue, white, pink, green, and orange. Some minerals are known to exhibit multiple colors of fluorescence in a single specimen. These can be banded minerals that exhibit several stages of growth from parent solutions with changing compositions. Many minerals fluoresce one colour under shortwave UV light and another color under longwave UV light.
Abridged from: https://geology.com/articles/fluorescent-minerals
VOCABULARY AND TERMINOLOGY
IV. Read the text WHAT IS A FLUORESCENT MINERAL in detail and match the words and word-groups (1-10) with their translations (A-J).
1. fluorescence a. свечение, сияние
2. wavelength b. свинец
3. specimen c. поглощать
4. atomic structure d. примесь
5. impurity e. люминесценция/флюоресценция
6. chemical composition f. длина волны
7. lead g. образец
8. glow h. отражать
9. to absorb i. атомная структура
10. to reflect j. химический состав
V. Read the text WHAT IS A FLUORESCENT MINERAL in detail and choose the correct variant A, B, C or D.
1. According to the text, all the minerals have the ability…
A. to absorb water
B. to reflect light
C. to be dissolved
D. to break into pieces
2. Changes in wavelengths cause _____
A. a temperature change
B. a chemical composition change
C. a weight change
D. a temporary colour change
3. How many minerals have the fluorescence that is visible to people?
A. 90%
B. 35%
C. 15%
D. 50%
4. Fluorescence occurs when a mineral has ____
A. cracks
B. impurities
C. cleavage
D. water inside
5. Irradiation with shortwave and longwave UV light influences____
A. the shape of a mineral
B. the colour of a mineral
C. the composition of a mineral
D. the age of a mineral
VI. For questions 1–5, choose one of the words (a-f) that best completes a gap in the text. You can use each word only once. There is one extra word.
a. biochemistry
b. reconstructing
c. hydrosphere
d. petrology
e. application
f. pressure
GEOCHEMISTRY
Geochemistry is the 1) ____ of chemistry to the study of the Earth, its materials and the cycling of chemicals through its systems. It is essential in numerical dating and in 2) ____ past conditions on the Earth. Geochemistry is important for tracing the transport of chemicals through the Earth‘s four component systems: the lithosphere (rocky exterior), the 3) ____ (waters of the Earth), the atmosphere (air) and the biosphere (the system of living things). 4) ____ is an emerging field that examines the chemical interactions between living and nonliving systems – for example, microorganisms that act in soil formation. Geochemistry has important applications in environmental and economic geology as well as in the fields of mineralogy and 5) ____ .
VII. Fill in the gaps with the given derivatives.
transport (2) transportation transporting transported
1. Our government starts a new project …….. and Environment.
2. Be careful! These vehicles were used for ……….. ammonia.
3. A good example among ………… dangerous goods is metallic mercury. 4. Publc ……… in this city is insufficient but it is improving.
5. Investments in the main oil …….. line should go first.
VIII. Complete the summary of the text IGNEOUS ROCKS. Use only one word in each sentence.
1. Igneous rocks are those which are formed from ______ or molten materials.
2. The crust contains two distinct types of _____ .
3. _____ rocks are light in colour and light in weight.
4. Volcanic lavas are of ______ type, these rocks are dark and heavy.
5. Earth movements create the zones of ______ wh ere magma moves to the surface.
6. When magma reaches the Earth‘s surface, it _________ rapidly.
7. Igneous rocks give proof that the Earth is still __________ and constantly rebuilding its mountains and hillsides.
GRAMMAR
IX. Use the required form of the verb in the passive voice.
1. The roads (cover) with the snow. – Дороги покрыты снегом.
2. Chocolate (make) from cocoa. – Шоколад изготавливается из какао.
3. The Pyramids (build) in Egypt. – Пирамиды были построены в Египте.
4. This coat (buy) four years ago. – Это пальто было куплено 4 года назад.
5. The stadium (open) next month. – Стадион будет открыт в следующем месяце.
6. Your parents (invite) to a meeting. – Твои родители будут приглашены на собрание.
7. Wh ere is your car? – It (mend) at the moment. – Где твоя машина? – В данный момент она ремонтируется.
8. The books already (pack). – Книги уже упакованы.
9. The castle can (see) from a long distance. – Замок можно увидеть издалека.
10. The guests must (meet) at noon. – Гости должны быть встречены в полдень.
X. Write out the sentences containing the Passive voice. Define the tense form of the verbs in the passive voice.
1. Owing to its light weight and high melting point this mineral has been used by scientists.
2. These materials have been available for over a decade.
3. He made up a detailed map of the Asian part of our country.
4. In the last twenty years remarkable advances have been made in the development of science and technology.
5. This person is regarded as the founder of modern geology.
6. Endogenous forces can result in formation of new rocks.
7. The termgeology has been applicable to the Earth as a whole.
8. Regional geology aims at the integration of all the geological information pertaining to a particular area.
9. Geology is subdivided into several specialized disciplines.
10. The Earth‘s crust is constantly subjected to vertical and horizontal movements.
11. Karpinsky was a member of many Academies abroad.
12. V.I. Vernadsky is known as the outstanding mineralogist.
13. Many research centers were established by this scientist.
14. He conducted experiments in the geochemistry of rare elements.
15. The role of such minerals as radium and uranium was forecasted by him.
TRANSLATION
XI. Find 10 sentences with the Passive Voice in the texts of Variant 5. Write them down and translate into Russian.
WRITING
XII. Write an abstract (100-120 words) to the following article. (For more details you may see Writing Reference p. 192)
THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
In 1910 American geologist Frank B. Taylor proposed that lateral (sideways) motion of continents caused mountain belts to form on their front edges. Building on this idea in 1912, German meteorologist Alfred Wegener proposed a theory that came to be known as Continental Drift. He proposed that the continents had moved and were once part of one, large supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener was attempting to explain the origin of continents and oceans, when he expanded upon Taylor‘s idea. His evidence included the shapes of continents, the physics of ocean crust, the distribution of fossils and paleoclimatology data.
Continental drift helped to explain a major issue of the 19th century: the origin of mountains. Theories commonly called on the cooling and contracting of the Earth to form mountain chains. The mountain-building theories of German geologist Leopold von Buch and French geologist Leonce Elie de Beaumont were catastrophic in nature. American geologist James Dwight Dana proposed the geosynclinal theory of mountain building – a theory based on the downward bending of the Earth‘s crust (a geosyncline). Austrian geologist Eduard Suess developed a related theory. Hall, Dana and Suess believed that continents and ocean basins were ancient, permanent features on earth and that mountain belts formed at their edges.
Most geologists did not accept the theory of continental drift in the 1920s and 1930s. British geologist Arthur Holmes supported continental drift and proposed that convection (a type of heat movement) inside the Earth drove continental drift. Other scientists, such as British geophysicist Harold Jeffreys, argued that continental drift was physically impossible. Paleontologists, such as American George Gaylord Simpson, said that the distribution of fossils could be explained by other means.
Abridged from: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070216064817AAD5ioI&guccounter=1