CONTROL WORK № 1, Variant 2 (AUTOMATED S

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CONTROL WORK № 1, Variant 2 (AUTOMATED SYSTEMS)


CONTROL WORK № 1
Variant 2
READING
Text 1
1. Read the text about the main divisions of engineering. For questions 1–5, choose the most suitable headings from the list (A–E).
ENGINEERING
A. Civil engineering.
B. Chemical engineering.
C. Electrical engineering.
D. Mechanical engineering.
E. Structural engineering.

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.
So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactory. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:
1 ______
Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.
2______
a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).
b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.
3______
Dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.
4 ______
The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.
5 ______
Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.
The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

Text 2
2. Read the article about the range of job opportunities of mechanical engineers. For questions 1–9, decide if they are true (T) or false (F).
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS’ JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Demand for qualified mechanical engineers is high.
Mechanical engineers have a wide range of job opportunities. They may be management, sales, development, research, or design or production engineers in industries such as food, steel, chemicals and heavy and light engineering. They also can work in service industries such as transport and gas, water, and electricity.
Mechanical engineers are vital to the running of plants. Without them production would be impossible. Each plant is likely to be different. Some are large, some are small and most are complex. The main operational objectives of safety, efficiency and profitability are common to them all and demand a range of technical and personal skills from the engineers.
Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines, mechanisms and energy conversion. Mechanical equipment is at the core of the plants. Each plant is different from the next: the machines are particular to the process involved in making the end product and mechanical engineers are involved in their design, building and operation. They are at the forefront of technology: pressing the limits of material capability, developing new materials of construction, specifying complex machines and doing all of this with the most sophisticated design techniques.
Mechanical engineers’ jobs are demanding and exciting. Their skills, technical and managerial, are used to the fullest. In plant operation the job is to keep the plant running and stimulate the team to make better use of equipment to improve performance.
Mechanical engineers are at the core of production: they manage plant and equipment, they manage people. In fact, they manage our future.

STATEMENTS    T/F
1. The contemporary world demands greatly for qualified mechanical engineers.    
2. Mechanical engineers do nothing with food industry.    
3. The running of plants depends on mechanical engineers.    
4. Each plant differs from one another.    
5. The main operational objectives of safety, efficiency and profitability are also different from one another.    
6. Energy conversion is not the spheres of mechanical engineers’ concern.    
7. Mechanical engineers deal with machines and mechanisms.    
8. Mechanical engineers’ jobs are demanding but too boring.    
9. Mechanical engineers not only manage plants and equipment but they also manage people.    

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
3. Choose the correct item A, B, C or D.
1. Mechanical engineers should take into ______ specialized calculations in the design of even a simple machine.
A. part
B. account
C. place
D. advantage
2. We may divide the branches of engineering into the following ______.
A. parts
B. constructions
C. divisions
D. complexes
3. In particular, mechanical engineers are responsible for work of Steam engines, internal ______ engines.
A. steam
B. compressors
C. pumps
D. combustion
4. The main operational objectives of efficiency demand a range of personal ______ from the engineers.
A. features
B. characteristics
C. skills
D. duties
5. Mechanical engineers are ______ in their design, building and operation.
A. involved
B. included
C. stimulated
D. sophisticated
6. Mechanical engineers ______ with energy conversion.
A. are concerned
B. has concerned
C. will concerned
D. be concerned
7. Many engineering operations ______ to change things for the better.
A. has been required
B. are required
C. required
D. require
8. How ______ our engineers work at this problem?
A. do
B. does
C. are
D. have
9. What ______ mechanical engineers concerned with?
A. is
B. are
C. do
D. did
10. Mechanical engineers are at the forefront of technology, ______?
A. don’t they
B. aren’t they
C. aren’t mechanical engineers
D. haven’t they

TRANSLATION
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. Today machines have to withstand tremendous stresses.
2. Engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized.
3. Each branch of engineering may require the special services of the specialists.
4. The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.
5. Mechanical engineers also can work in service industries.
6. Production would be impossible without mechanical engineers.
7. The main operational objectives of safety are likely to be common to each plant.
8. Mechanical equipment is at the core of the plants.
9. Mechanical engineers are at the forefront of technology.
10. In plant operation the job is to keep the plant running and stimulate the team to improve performance.

WRITING
5. Write an abstract to the following text. The length of the abstract is 100–120 words (see Appendix).
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come into use in the last thirty years. They include program, action, sensing or feedback, decision, and control elements as components of a complete system. The program elements determine what the system does and the step-by-step manner in which it works to produce the desired result. A program is a step-by-step sequence that breaks a task into its individual parts. Some steps in an industrial automation program direct other parts of the system when and how to carry out their jobs. The action elements are those which do the actual work. They may carry or convey materials to specific places at specific times or they may perform operations on the materials.
The term mechanical handling device is also used for the action elements. Perhaps the most important part of an automated system is sensing or feedback. Sensing devices automatically check on parts of the manufacturing process such as the thickness of a sheet of steel or paper. This is called feedback because the instruments return or feed back this information to the central system control. The decision element is used to compare what is going on in the system with what should be going on, it receives information from the sensing devices and makes decisions necessary to maintain the system correctly. If some action is necessary the decision element can give instructions or commands to the system. The control element consists of devices to carry out the commands of the decision element. There may be many kinds of devices: valves that open or close, switches that control the flow of electricity, or regulators that change the voltage in various machines; they make the necessary corrections or adjustments to keep the system in conformity with its program.
An industrial engineer working with automated systems is part of a team. Many components of the system, such as computers, are electronic devices so electronic engineers and technicians are also involved. Many of the industries in which automation has proved particularly suitable – chemicals, papermaking, metals processing – involve chemical processes, so there may be chemical engineers at work too. An industrial engineer with expertise in all these fields may become a systems engineer for automation projects thereby coordinating the activities of all the members of the team.