К/р №2 по английскому, вариант2

http://help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103879 - упражнение 1.
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103928 - упражнение 2
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103949 - упражнение 3
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103963 - упражнение 4
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103972 - упражнение 5
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103974 - упражнение 6
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103978 - упражнение 7
help-s.ru/works/detail.php?ID=2103980 - упражнение 8

вариант 2
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на то, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточными предложениями.
1.   We know the first digital optical disks to have been produced in 1982 as disks for music.
2.   A method for recording information on crystal by means of laser is known to have been developed by a Russian researcher.
3.   Today's aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft.
4.   When you stand near a working engine you feel it vibrate.
2.  Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1.   Having published his book about space exploration in 1895 Tsiolkovsky became known all over the world.
2.   Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front of him.
3.   Numerous experiments having been carried out at the orbital stations, it became possible to develop new methods of industrial production of new materials.
3.  Перепишите и переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1.   If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.
2.   It would be impossible to protect metals from corrosion without films.
3.   If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.
4.  Перепишите и переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на то, что причастные и инфинитивные обороты переводятся придаточными предложениями.
1.   Some materials undergo chemical changes when subjected to heat and pressure.
2.   To make a radioisotope generally means to change the nucleus of a stable element.
3.   The energy been released during the fission of one gramme of uranium is equal to the energy produced by two and a half tons of coal.
5. Перепишите и переведите предложения.
1.   Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering.
2.   The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.
3.   The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.
6. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите первый и второй абзацы.
Superconductivity 1. According to the prominent scientist in this country V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs' in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could well come to the nation that first masters this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist K. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low-temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269°C). Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that time there was no theory to explain this.
2.  For almost 50 years after K. Onnes' discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists .which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above the previously achieved record of 23 K.
3. It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical. Now some scientists are trying to find a ceramic that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made their quality is often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes developing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of low superconductivity is produced in the new materials.
7. Письменно ответьте на вопрос:
What sensational discovery did Paul Chu make?
8.   Дополнительный текст.  Прочитайте, перепишите и сделайте полный письменный перевод текста.
Laser Technology
In the last decade there was outstanding progress in the development of laser technology and its application in science, industry and commerce. Laser cutting, welding and machining are beginning to be big business. The market for laser systems represents around 2,5 % of the world machine tool market.
Which country is the biggest producer and consumer of lasers? Why, Japan, naturally: Japan produced 46% of world's lasers in 1989, while figures for Europe and the USA are 32% and 22%. Japan is building 1 200 to 2 000 COj lasers per year of which some 95% are over 500 W power and 80% of them are used for cutting operations.
Europe is the second largest user and the third largest producer. In 1990 Europe's market for lasers was $ 128 million, of which Germany consumed about $ 51 million, and Italy -S12 million. The Germany met 90% of its demands through domestic producers. Growth rate of the European market is estimated at 10 to 15% per year.
In future the main trend influencing the industry will be laser source prices. The prices are dropping. There appear lasers of modular construction. The complexity of laser machines is rising. Multi-axes systems are in more use now. Recently 7-axis CNC laser machining center has been introduced. In addition to X, Y and Z axes, there are two rotary axes, A and C, and two more linear axes, U and V, to give a trepanning motion to the laser.