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Вариант 2

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Human Population: Challenging the Balance

Jacques Cousteau, the famous explorer who opened the world's eyes to the wonder and splendor of our undersea world said it best: "Population growth is the primary source of environmental damage." Of course, this is not a comparison to natural catastrophes that eventually result in a natural change of life and ecosystems, but rather it is a statement about the challenges human population poses for nature.
Yet, the human population challenge has really occurred only recently. Let us look at why.
More people have been added to the Earth's population in the 20th century than at any other time in human history. In 1900, just 100 years ago, the world's human population numbered two billion people. Today, the total human population has grown three times as large and is now over six billion people.
The rate of population growth has gone up rapidly in the past two centuries, fr om 0,0015 % before 1800 to 1,2 % today. At this rate, the Earth adds one billion more people every 14 years. If this continues, the world's population will double in the next century, nearing 12 billion in the year 2100. Our planet truly is becoming a more crowded place to live.
What happened over the past 200 years to create such a rapid surge in the number of people living in the world? There are a few simple ideas that lie behind these trends. Before 1900, many children who were born did not reach adulthood so they never had their own children. In America and Europe, young children died of many diseases that we now immunize against such as diphtheria, tetanus, measles, pneumonia and whoopingcough. In the 20th century, as these diseases became less common, more children lived to adulthood. The result was that more children than ever before were born and lived and had their own children, all of which increased
the size of the world's population. And thus, one predator of humans began to recede.
At the same time, people are also living longer. For example, in the U.S. the average life expectancy in 1950 was 57 years. Now people, on average, can expect to live 77 years. People living longer increase the population size, and this means that more people are living together on Earth at the same time.
In the latter part of the 20th century, people in other parts of the world – Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East – who had traditionally lost many children to disease, began to catch up with the developed world.
People in these parts of the world began to adopt health practices such as immunizing children that also allowed more children to live. As these children grew to adulthood they too started their own families and this also has contributed to the world's current population growth.
But here is the critical question: "Will Earth's population continue to grow as fast as the last 100 years?"
There are signs that population growth rates in some parts of the world have started to slow down. In Europe, America, and in parts of Asia and Australia, most families are having less than two children. Some of these countries are actually experiencing negative population growth meaning that their populations are growing smaller. In Russia, Eastern Europe, Germany and Northern Europe populations may actually shrink in size because people are having fewer and fewer children.
The United States will continue to grow. While birth rates in America have gone down – primarily because of the migration of persons fr om other countries – we will continue to have steady population growth. Today, the US has over 287 million people and is expected to grow to 400 million people by 2050.
However, there are many parts of the world wh ere population growth is still very high and populations are expanding rapidly. Six countries account for one-half of the population added every year: these are China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nigeria. China alone has 1,3 billion people, and India has slightly over 1 billion people, or about one third of the total world population. In countries wh ere the rate of natural increase is approximately 2 %, their population will double ever 34 years. If population growth continues to be high in these and other countries, attempts to slow down the growth of the world human population in the
twenty first century may well be futile.
The other issue is, even if people worldwide choose to have fewer children tomorrow, it will still take 50 – 60 years for the world's population to stabilize, as there are so many people currently in their childbearing years. Slowing the growth of the world's population, even though this is happening in many parts of the world, may not be happening quickly enough: the world's populations may still double again by the end of this century to 12 billion persons.
Are these too many people for the size and resources of the planet?

2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту на английском языке:

1. What is the primary source of environmental damage?
2. What is the number of total human population today?
3. What is the average life expectancy now?
4. How do you understand the term "negative population growth"?
5. Why does human population shrink in size?
    
3. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык:

1. Рост численности населения – основная причина загрязнения окружающей среды.
2. В ХХ веке численность населения планеты возросла больше, чем когда-либо за всю историю существования человека.
3. Если эта тенденция сохранится, в следующем веке численность мирового населения удвоится.
4. До 1900 года многие родившиеся дети не доживали до половозрелого возраста и, таким образом, не могли иметь собственных детей.
5. В 1950 году средняя продолжительность жизни в США составляла 57 лет.
6. Люди в этих частях света начали иммунизировать детей, что привело к уменьшению уровня детской смертности.
7. Уже появляются признаки того, что в некоторых частях света рост населения начинает снижаться.
8. В странах, где численность населения увеличивается на 2 % в год, число жителей будет удваиваться каждые 34 года.
9. Если рост численности населения будет высоким в этих и ряде других стран, попытки снизить темп прироста окажутся тщетными.
10. В России численность населения резко сокращается, так как рождается все меньше и меньше детей.

4. Поставьте прилагательное в скобках в соответствующую форму степеней сравнения:

1. He was the (amusing) lad you ever met.
2. He is a far (intelligent) person than my brother.
3. She was the (practical) of the family.
4. When they told me I was cured and could go, I can tell you I was (afraid) than glad.
5. I wanted to ask you both what you thought of my (late) films if you saw them.
6. He is (talkative) than his sister. He will not tire you so much.
7. He turned out to be (angry) than I had expected.
8. Today I am no (wise) than yesterday.
9. This wine is the (good) I ever tasted.
10. Jack is the (clever) of the tree brothers.
11. I do not think it matters in the (little) which seat I choose.
12. He felt (bad) yesterday than the day before.
13. The (near) house is three miles away.
14. Of the two evils, let us choose the (little).
15. He was the (late) man to come.

5. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский:

1. Чем меньше ты будешь говорить, тем лучше.
2. К сожалению, я не смог прийти так рано, как обещал.
3. Кошка упала с крыши, но чувствует себя нисколько не хуже от этого.
4. Комната хорошая, но все же не такая хорошая, как бы мне хотелось.
5. Чем больше человек имеет, тем больше ему хочется.
6. Я не так молод, как вы.
7. Погода меняется к лучшему.
8. Окно узкое, как дверь.
9. Суп хорошо пахнет, а на вкус он еще лучше.
10. Как пройти к ближайшей почте?

6. Преобразуйте прилагательные в сравнительную и превосходную степени.

A short story, a large garden, a beautiful flower, a big table, a high building, a difficult exercise, a new
dress, an old book, late news, a comfortable flat, an easy question, clean water, thin ice, a thick dictionary, a
good friend, much snow, bad weather, little time, many cars, few mistakes.