ЗабГУ вар 1 TECHNOLOGY AND CREATION

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Winter is coming. Birds are flying to warm countries; the nature is preparing for a long sleep.
2. Radio astronomy has given to mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
3. It happened in London in 1995. It was early spring.
б) 1. Becquerel’s discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
2.  One and the same word in the English language is often spelled and pronounced differently.
3. While the goods were being prepared for shipment, we were looking for a suitable steamer.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.    Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
2.    Shakespeare’s works are known to be translated into many languages of the world.
3.    The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.
4.    When drawing up a contract for the sale of goods it is necessary to give a detailed description of the goods.
5.    This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.    In Britain you are not allowed to leave school or get married until you are at  least sixteen.
2.    Now we are to study this phenomenon.
3.    They should try to develop methods which may advance their knowledge.
4.    We have to remember that there are no absolutely closed circuits in the nervous system.
5.    Mass can be defined as a measure of inertia.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Gerund и определите его видовременную форму, форму залога и  функцию Gerund в предложении.
1.    We cannot understand the nature of measurements without knowing about the properties of mathematics.
2.    The subject was first tested by being handed pencil and paper and told to make a written reproduction of what he had learned.
3.    I remember having been shown the letter.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 9 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 4, 6 и 8 абзацы.
TECHNOLOGY AND CREATION
1. Change has been one of the most characteristic themes in the art of late – radical, rapid, sweeping change, old arts have been transformed and new ones have been created. No previous century has seen such a powerful interaction between arts and technology. Not only our sensibilities have been altered but the form and purposes of art itself.
2. The first stage in the history of arts was dominated by the object. The appearent goal of art was the work of art; the general interest was focused on the object, on its intrinsic qualities. The problem of the effect was hardly touched upon. But later it became clear that the essential thing in artistic creation is to evoke effect of the idea even if it goes beyond the object.
3. Photography, for example, became almost a different medium in the last century. It provided us with realism and superior fantasies. Sharp focus, accidental arrangement and just-the-facts stuff that the camera provides became a new path to real art.
4. What created the movies “vivid illusionism” besides the talents of great filmmakers was the development of more mobile cameras, more expressive lightening, more sophisticated editing and above all, special effects that could bring to life worlds of dinosaurs and future worlds of space travel. And let us not forget about animated films, perhaps, the purest cinema of all.
5. New technologies mean new audiences and new relationships between artists and audience. Radio was the first medium to enable a mass audience to share the same experience instantaneously and simultaneously. Even more than the movies, radio gave audiences a communal feeling, a sense of being part of something national, as well as a special intimacy with its stars.
6. We tend to locate the defining artistic moments of recent decades in TV. Millions of people who in earlier centuries or even earlier decades of the last century would have never seen world class ballets, operas, concerts or museum works of art have seen them on TV. Not quite the same as live but considerably better than nothing. And this is to say nothing of TV’s power to bring up real events – a moon walk or the Olympics. We conduct not only our fantasy lives on TV but also our political campaigns. But the most gripping thing it can show is people, sitting and talking to each other and to us. Speech on TV is the nearest equivalent to real human communication. And hence our feeling that we know a star as we know a friend or a family member.
7. And what about the old arts? They have undergone noticeable changes as well. In painting and architecture they apply new materials and methods. Art museums have to show newness not to look retro. But literature, the theatre and classical music have lost their authority to set the cultural agenda. The contemporary art is often said to be a meaningless kaleidoscope of conflicting styles with few connecting threads, but it is undeniable that it changes the way people think, look and communicate.
8. But just watching is not interesting. We are to choose the century in which movies and television define the passive experience. Entertainment will mean working. On a computer anyone will be able to create not only a movie but also liteature, a magazine or a video game and distribute it as hits over the network to millions, at least in theory. But will the computer make everybody a creator?
9. With every advance in technology, art and entertainment change in unpredictable ways. At each turn they become more democratic and accessible. Consider the possibilities that will open up as the computer meets the Net a hundred years from now when media can move at the speed of light. There may be a new tide of technology-oriented art in which technology and creation will be closely entwined. Something big is happening – we’ll know it when we see it.