Англ Рентгенография и Биохимия

I.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would

1.Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.
2.Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.
3.If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to our energy problems.
4.In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today.
5.It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without using the electrothermal method.
6.The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.


II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1.The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.
2.In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.
3.The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.
4.The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.
5.Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.
6.Architects have designed and built houses to be heated by solar radiation.
7.Rubber is known to have been brought fr om America.
8.The Egyptians seem to be the first to apply geometry for practical purposes.
9.The search for new sources of energy having been started, the un
economical waste of fossil fuels will be discontinued.
10.Having done a given number of operations the machine stopped automatically.



III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1.As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.
2.Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.
3.The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since
electrons orbit around a central nucleus.
4. Hydroelectric energy requires no fuel for electricity is produced from the energy of falling water.
5. In the field of chemistry lasers are used either for diagnostic purposes or for producing chemical changes.
6.Many important discoveries have been made sincethe beginning of the 20-th century.


IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.Crookes tube–трубка Крукса
2.an X-ray film–рентгеновская плёнка
3.forgery -подделка
4.strain –биологический штамм

X-Rays.
1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientists named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when
these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube X-rays were created.
2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X-ray film2. This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, the use we are all familiar with.
3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and
therefore of extremely short-wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the
electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.
4. As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and
cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries3.
5. Using X-rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
6. Radiation is known to be a multagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production
of penicillin was introduced the best strain4yielded 100-200 units of penicillin. Being irradiated with X-rays, the same strain produced more than 1,000 units. Many new uses have been found for this treatment in agriculture.

V. Прочитайте 6-ой абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What increase was obtained in the productivity of penicillin being irradiated with X-rays?


IV.Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.sophisticated-усложненный
2.cell-клетка
3.to afflict-страдать
4.despite-несмотря на
5.retina-сетчатка
6.storage capacity-объем памяти



Biochemistry
1. The chemistry of life or biochemist try as chemists call it is an area in which classical fields of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called “molecular biology”. Biochemistry is the study of the structures and reactions of the thousands of compounds involved in life process. Biochemistry is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.
2. Living things represent the most efficient sophisticated, compact chemical “factories” ever known. How, for example, do cells of the body know when to divide and multiply into new cells having t
he same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is
afflicted by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.
3. When we compare the nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems become even more impressive.
Despite great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations millions of times faster than a person but what the nervous system can do! For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequencies detected by the ear into thoughts wh ereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. As to the storage capacity the brain really wins out.
The largest computers have storage capacity of about one million “words” but some experts believe the brain to store up all the signals it receives.
4. The chemical processes of our bodies involve enormously complex sequences of reactions, details of these processes being far from complete understanding. Nevertheless the great progress has been made in our understanding of the processes that occur in the body.
5. The first half of this century might be termed the Golden Age of Physics because so many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei were made. By the same virtue we may be in the midst of a Golden Age in Biochemistry. The next few years of research may bring much increased understanding of chemical processes in cells.


V. Прочитайте 5-ый абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What phenomena are not yet understood in biochemistry?