Английский (PAYING IN FOREIGN TRADE)

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1. Read and translate the text.
PAYING IN FOREIGN TRADE
Types of Payments in Foreign Trade
Payment of goods supplied in the local trade is a rather simple matter. It is made either in advance or within a sensibly short period after delivery. If a buyer fails to pay, there comes legal action1 after which payment can be enforced.
The matter is different in foreign trade because a great deal of time is spent on correspondence, dispatch and delivery. It is here that banks play a fundamental part. Their services have to be paid for, but are not expensive and always necessary - the bank comes into each transaction at this or that stage.
Payments in foreign trade are usually made by:
•    1. banker’s transfer;
•    2. bill of exchange;
•    3. letter of credit.
As well as in the local trade, payment may be made a) in advance; b) on open account.
Payments in advance are used 1) when a buyer is in urgent need; 2) when a buyer is unknown to a seller; 3) in the case of a single isolated transaction. The method of payment in these cases will probably be by banker’s draft or banker’s transfer.
Open account terms are granted by a seller to a buyer of unquestionable reputation2 in whom he has complete confidence, e.g. regular customers, agents or distributors. In these cases payment is made quarterly by bill of exchange or banker’s transfer.
The banker’s transfer is a mere transference of money from the bank account of a buyer in his own country to the bank account of the seller in the seller’s country. It is only necessary for the customer to send a letter of instruction to his bank - or use a special form. The transfer is executed at current rates of exchange3 and subject to any exchange control regulations of the countries concerned.
The bill of exchange (B/E) is a written order from a creditor to a debtor to pay on demand or at a specified date a stated sum of money to a person named on the bill, or to his order. The bill is drawn by the creditor on the debtor, and is sent to the debtor or his agent to pay or accept4 (to acknowledge the debt). The debtor accepts it through signing his name on the front of the bill, together with the date. The bill becomes now legally binding5, and the acceptor must meet it at or before the due date. Failure to meet the bill on the due date will result in total discredit for the creditor, and legal action can follow. Ал unpaid bill is called "dishonoured"6, and the creditor can protest7 it, which gives him the right to prosecute8 the debtor.
The letter of credit (L/C) is the most generally used method of payment in the export trade. It starts with the buyer who instructs his bank to issue the L/C for the amount of the purchase and in favour of the seller. The buyer’s bank sends this instruction, a special printed form containing full details of the transaction, to its agent (a bank cooperating with it) in the seller’s country. On receiving the instruction, the agent bank informs the seller about the credit. The seller can now carry out the buyer’s order, knowing that when he has done so, the money will be paid at once by the agent bank. The buyer is equally secure, because the agent bank will pay on his behalf only if the conditions of the transaction are completely executed by the seller.
A L/C may be paid to the seller not immediately upon execution of the order. If there is an agreement between the seller and the buyer the agent bank can accept a bill of exchange drawn by the seller on the agent bank. The buyer gets credit and the action is absolutely safe for the seller, who can discount the bill for ready cash if he needs it.
Vocabulary Notes on the Text
1 legal action – судебное разбирательство
2 unquestionable reputation – безупречная репутация
3 at a current rate of exchange – по текущему курсу обмена валюты
4 to accept - акцептировать (принимать)
5 legally binding - имеющий обязательную силу
6 "dishonoured" - не оплаченный в установленный срок, букв. "обесчещенный"
7 to protest the bill - опротестовать вексель
8 to prosecute - преследовать в судебном порядке

Exercises on the Text
2. Translate the following words and make up 5 sentences:
acceptor; creditor; debtor; discredit; failure; reputation; transference; transaction; binding; fundamental; urgent; isolated; unquestionable; subject to; equally; quarterly; debt; acknowledge; legally
3. Give English equivalents of the following:
а) акцептор; дебитор; кредитор; банковский счет; банковский перевод; переводной вексель; аккредитив; текущий курс обмена валюты; день оплаты; авансом; по открытому счету; поквартально; юридически обязательный; неоплаченный в установленный срок; акцептировать; опротестовать вексель; преследовать в судебном порядке
б) судебное разбирательство; единичная (разовая) сделка; безупречная репутация; полная дискредитация; полностью доверять; подлежать (подвергаться) чему-л.; по требованию
4. Explain the meaning of the following in English:
acceptor; creditor; debtor; a bill of exchange; a letter of credit; a banker’s transfer; to accept
5. Answer the following questions:
•    1) What types of payments in foreign trade do you know?
•    2) In what way may they be made?
•    3) When are payments in advance used?
•    4) What is the method of payment in such cases?
•    5) Whom are open acount terms granted to?
•    6) In what way is payment in these cases made?
•    7) What is the banker’s transfer?
•    8) What is necessary for a customer to do while paying by banker’s transfer?
•    9) What is the bill of exchange?
•    10) When does the B/E become legally binding?
•    11) What is the letter of credit?
•    12) How does it work?
•    13) Why are both the buyer and the seller secure?

6. Fill in the required prepositions:
1) Payment__goods__the home trade is made either__advance or__a reasonably short period__delivery.
2) There is little time lost__correspondence and__delivery.
3) A bill__exchange is an order__written form addressed__one person__another, to pay__demand or__a named date a certain sum__money__a person named__the bill, or__his order.
4) The banker’s transfer is carried__ __current rates__exchange.
5) This transaction is simple and may be speeded__ __cabled instructions if desired.
6) The L/C is ideal__ individual transactions or__series, it gives protection__both the seller and the buyer.
7. Read and translate the text.
One of the important features of the bill of exchange is that it is negotiable. It means that it can be used by the holder to pay his own debts. To do this, the holder of the B/E must endorse it, i.e. sign his name on the bill before handing it in to the next holder.
The owner of the bill can also sell it to the bank, who will pay face value, less interest: this is called to discount a bill. The other way to use a bill is to leave it as security for a loan.
It is due to its free negotiability that the B/E is known to be a useful means of payment in foreign trade. Undoubtedly, its successful operating depends on confidence and trust. Before handling bills each individual company’s status and reputation are thoroughly checked and taken into account.
8. Give English equivalents to the following Russian terms:
номинальная стоимость; денежное обеспечение; индоссировать документ (сделать передаточную надпись); пущенный в обращение вексель; дисконтировать вексель (снижать учетный процент при досрочной оплате)
9. What do we call?
1) to sign the document (cheque, bill) passing rights on it to another person;
2) able to be negotiated;
3) documents or valuables given as cover for loan;
4) the value on a bank-note or stamped on a coin;
5) to sell a bill to a bank for a price that is lower than the value of the bill when it becomes due for payment.
10. Translate into English:
1) Одним из наиболее часто употребляемых способов оплаты во внешнеторговых операциях является аккредитив.
2) Владелец векселя может продать его банку по номинальной стоимости.
3) Оплата товара отечественным поставщикам производится обычно или посредством предоплаты или в течение некоторого разумного периода времени после поставки товара.
4) Вы можете оплатить данный товар по текущему курсу обмена валюты.
5) Условия оплаты по открытому счету предоставляются покупателю с безупречной репутацией.
11. Write a tactful letter to your foreign customer the business with whom you value highly. The customer usually settles his account by banker’s transfer, but has failed to pay the latest account and has not given you any explanation; payment is now a week overdue.
12. Write a letter of reply on behalf of the suppliers.