CONTROL WORK № 2, Variant 1 (THE STERLIN

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CONTROL WORK № 2, Variant 1 (THE STERLING ENGINES)


CONTROL WORK № 2
Variant 1
READING
Text 1
1. Read the text. Choose the best word (A, B or C) for each space (1–10).
THE STERLING ENGINES
The Stirling engine is 1 …that is vastly different fr om amount of oxygen in our cars. Invented by Robert Stirling in 1816, the Stirling engine has the potential to be much more 2…. than a gasoline or diesel engine. But today, Stirling engines are used only in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary 3… generators for yachts, wh ere quiet operation is important. A Stirling engine uses the Stirling 4…, which is unlike the cycles used in internal 5… engines. The gasses used inside a Stirling engine never leave the engine. There are no 6… that vent high-pressure gasses, as in a gasoline or diesel engine, and there are no explosions taking place. Because of this, Stirling engines are very quiet. The Stirling cycle uses 7…, which could be anything from gasoline to solar energy to the heat produced by decaying plants. No combustion takes place inside the cylinders of the engine. There are different types of Stirling engines. A displacer-type engine has one piston and a displacer. The displacer serves to control when the 8….is heated and when it is cooled. In order to run, the engine requires a 9........ difference between the top and the bottom of the large cylinder. In this case, the difference between the temperature of the hand and the air around it is 10....... to run the engine.
1 А. heat engine.     В. an internal engine     C. a hot engine
2 A. fluid     В. enclosed    С. efficient
3 A. torque     B. power    C. fluid
4 A. cycle     B. compression    C. usage
5 A. compression     B. combustion    C. conversion
6 A. exhaust valves     B. specialized applications    C. generators for yachts
7 A. diesel engine     B. combustion    C. an external heat source
8 A. gas chamber     B. temperature difference    C. decaying plants
9 A. compression     B. temperature    C. a hot engine
10 A. not enough     B. right    C. enough

Text 2
2. Match the questions (A–F) to the statements (1–5), as in the example (0).
A. What is combustion?
B. What does the time needed for burning to begin depend on?
C. What substance is more readily ignited?
D. What is an example of burning a fuel?
E. What reactions do combustion reactions involve?
F. What experiments did A. L. Lavoisier perform?
A-0
0. Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction of two or more substances with a characteristic liberation of heat and light; it is commonly called burning.
1. The burning of a fuel (e.g., wood, coal, oil, or natural gas) in air is a familiar example of combustion.
2. Combustion need not involve oxygen; e.g., hydrogen burns in chlorine to form hydrogen chloride with the liberation of heat and light characteristic of combustion. Combustion reactions involve oxidation and reduction.
3. Before a substance will burn, it must be heated to its ignition point, or kindling temperature. Pure substances have characteristic ignition points. Although the ignition point of a substance is essentially constant, the time needed for burning to begin depends on such factors as the form of the substance and the amount of oxygen in the air.
4. A finely divided substance is more readily ignited than a massive one; e.g., sawdust ignites more rapidly than does a log. The vapors of a volatile fuel such as gasoline are more readily ignited than is the fuel itself. The rate of combustion is also affected by these factors, particularly by the amount of oxygen in the air.
5. In 1774 the French chemist A. L. Lavoisier performed experiments that led to the modern understanding of the nature of combustion.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
3. Choose the correct item A, B or C.
1. Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into ______ .
A. motion
B. fuel
C. substance
2. Engines using human or animal power, water, wind and even _____ power date back to antiquity.
A. electric
B. steam
C. physical
3. ______ distinguishes a true Stirling engine from any other closed cycle hot air engine.
A. The heat pump
B. The heat exchanger
C. The regenerator
4. The still-war______ was recycled as feed water for the boiler.
A. condensate
B. device
C. fuel
5. “Combustion” refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer, to supply the _____.
A. reaction
B. heat
C. boiler
6. Some producers also offer heaters with ______.
A. remote control
B. amount of oxygen
C. amount of oxygen
7. The Stirling engine encloses a fixed quantity of permanently gaseous fluid such as ______.
A. air
B. breath
C. wind
8. Widespread use of energy ______ could therefore reduce global warming emissions.
A. recycle
B. recycling
C. recycled
9. The large surface area heating elements ______excellent temperature uniformity within the working volume.
A. provide
B. provides
C. providing
10. A heat exchanger _____a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer.
A. am
B. be
C. is

TRANSLATION
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. In modern usage, the term “engine” is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine.
2. Engines using human or animal power, water, wind and even steam power date back to antiquity.
3. The design challenge for a Stirling engine regenerator is to provide sufficient heat transfer capacity without introducing too much additional internal volume.
4. Typical of heat engines, the general cycle consists of compressing cool gas, heating the gas, expanding the hot gas, and finally cooling the gas before repeating the cycle.
5. Fireplaces contain separated from the combustion chamber special small capacity with granules store.
6. Heat exchangers are normally used for the transfer and useful elimination or recovery of heat without an accompanying phase change.
7. Each vacuum furnace is supplied as a complete system including vacuum chamber, metallic heat zone, power supply, vacuum pumps and a programmable control system.
8. A heat exchange is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another.
9. An enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat buildings is defined as a furnace.
10. A regenerative heat wheel is a revolving disc filled a with an airpermeable medium including a desiccant.

WRITING
5. Write an abstract to the following text.
The length of the abstract is 100–120 words (see Appendix).
Our fuel cubes are a proven, clean-burning, high-BTU fuel alternative for paper mills and other wood- or coal-burning plants. Made from recycled wood, plastics, and other challenging recyclables, they divert materials that would have otherwise been destined for the landfill and produce an alternative fuel that’s better for the environment. Customers drastically reduce their waste hauling costs and help meet environmental goals or guidelines. Mills, plants, and kilns get better performance from our high-BTU fuels. Fewer natural resources are pulled from the environment to create fuel. Air pollution is minimized with our cleaner-burning alternative fuel. Always striving for new solutions and outlets for recyclables, Balcones Resources is working with a technology company to develop a second alternative fuel for the ethanol market. Today, this new process generates fuel that’s ideally suited for cement kilns. Tomorrow, these same waste streams could be converted into higher value, non-food feedstock based, automobile grade ethanol. Plastics help traditional energy recovery technology work better. Because plastics have a higher energy value than other components of municipal solid waste, they help to significantly increase the efficiency of the energy recovery process in traditional energy from waste facilities.