CONTROL WORK № 1, Variant 4 (COOLANTS)

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CONTROL WORK № 1, Variant 4 (COOLANTS)


CONTROL WORK № 1
Variant 4
READING
Text 1
1. Read the text and choose the right ending (A–C) for each sentence (1–10).
1. A heat pump is a device that_____.
A. transfers thermal energy
B. consumes thermal energy
C. produces thermal energy
2. Heat pump_____.
A. warms a building
B. cools a building
C. warms or cools a building
3. Heat is transferred from_____.
A. a relatively low-temperature reservoir to one at a higher temperature
B. the energy of the sun
C. cool air
4. People need_____.
A. more heat
B. more efficient ways to utilize heat
C. the heat pump industry
5. Air conditioners_____.
A. are not heat pumps
B. are used to produce heat pumps
C. are examples of heat pumps
6. Heat pumps do not_____.
A. provide heating in the winter and cooling in the summer
B. displace heat energy to a more useful location and purpose
C. send electricity through power lines
7. Liquid and/or gas medium_____.
A. changes phases as a result of altering pressure
B. changes phases as a result of lowering pressure
C. do not change phases
8. The demand for more efficient ways ____ is rising.
A. to produce air conditioners
B. to utilize heat and energy
C. to control temperatures
9. Heat pumps are_____.
A. very cheap
B. not useful
C. relatively costly to setup
10. Heat pump system_____.
A. produces electricity
B. provides a more economical and efficient way to control temperatures and reuse existing heat energy.
C. consumes thermal energy

HEAT PUMP SYSTEM
Heat pump is a device that warms or cools a building by transferring heat fr om a relatively low-temperature reservoir to one at a higher temperature.
As a result of society’s increasing concern for ecological and environmental issues, the demand for more efficient ways to utilize heat and energy is rising. The heat pump industry uses technological advances such as yearround space heating to displace heat energy to a more useful location and purpose. This concept is accomplished by providing localized or redirected heat, while exchanging cool air with heated air. The principles of heat pumps are actually the reverse of the technological and thermodynamic principles of an air conditioner unit. The majority of them give the added benefit of providing both heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. This can be accomplished simply by reversing the flow of the working fluid circulating through the coils. The heat pump is an entire thermodynamic system whereby a liquid and/or gas medium is pumped through an assembly where it changes phases as a result of altering pressure. Although relatively costly to setup, the heat pump system provides a more economical and efficient way to control temperatures and reuse existing heat energy.

Text 2
2. Read the article about Solar Cells, and match the questions (A–F) to the numbered spaces (1–5), as in the example (0).
A. What is a solar cell?
B. What energy is generated from solar modules?
C. What are solar modules used for?
D. What are photovoltaics used for?
E. What is used for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation?
F. What is a solar panel?

0-A
0. Solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
1. Assemblies of solar cells are used to make solar modules which are used to capture energy from sunlight.
2. When multiple modules are assembled together (such as prior to installation on a pole-mounted tracker system), the resulting integrated group of modules all oriented in one plane is referred to in the solar industry as a solar panel.
3. The electrical energy generated from solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.
4. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight.
5. Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light, etc.). These are used for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for example infrared detectors, or measurement of light intensity.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
3. Choose the correct item.
1. Heat _____ can provide your home with renewable heating capable of providing all of your hot water needs.
A. pumps
B. consumption
C. production
2. Old, primitive methods______ heating a building include the open fire, the fireplace, and the stove.
A. in
B. at
C. of
3. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a device that converts______ into electricity.
A. capacity
B. heat
C. share
4. Almost any heat source can be used to ______ electricity.
A. derive
B. reduce
C. generate
5. The vast majority of wood burning _____today use gasification technology.
A. furnaces
B. residue
C. waste
6. Renewable energy is ______from natural processes that are replenished constantly.
A. derive
B. derives
C. derived
7. Wood ______is often used to produce both electricity and steam at paper mills.
A. water
B. plants
C. waste
8. Liquid fuels can be______ from biomass through a process called pyrolysis.
A. produced
B. produce
C. produces
9. Windmills ______because they slow down the speed of the wind.
A. works
B. work
C. to work
10. The most common problem in hot-water systems is______ air in the system.
A. unwanted
B. hot
C. cold

TRANSLATION
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. Old, primitive methods of heating a building or a room within it include the open fire, the fireplace, and the stove.
2. Thermogenerators are the devices that convert any sort of heat into electric energy. 3. The ecological and economic benefits to the world in the development of these systems would be huge.
4. The amount of power generated by a PV system at a particular site depends on how much of the sun’s energy reaches it.
5. The reason why the idea of converting heat into energy is so appealing is heat it allows greater efficiency in a lot of cases.
6. Many of the devices that we use on a daily basis produce heat as a byproduct of using energy.
7. Heat pumps are an ingenious solution to providing your home with renewable heating capable of providing all of your hot water needs.
8. Liquid fuels can be produced from biomass through a process called pyrolysis.
9. Windmills work because they slow down the speed of the wind.
10. The most common problem in hot-water systems is unwanted air in the system.

WRITING
5. Write an abstract to the following text.
The length of the abstract is 100–120 words (see Appendix).
COOLANTS
The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0 °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised. Betaine is a similar coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically.
Very pure deionized water, due to its relatively low electrical conductivity, is send to cool some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters and high-power vacuum tubes. Heavy water is a neutron moderator used in some nuclear reactors; it also has a secondary function as their coolant. Light water reactors, both boiling water and pressurized water reactors the most common type, use light water. Polyalkylene Glycol or PAGs are used as high temperature, thermally stable heat transfer fluids exhibiting strong resistance to oxidation. Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal shaping machine tools. Oils are used for applications wh ere water is unsuitable. With higher boiling points than water, oils can be raised to considerably higher temperatures (above 100 degrees Celsius) without introducing high pressures within the container or loop system in question.